MPS 004 Solved Assignment 2023-24: Free PDF Download

MPS 004 Solved Assignment 2023-24 (Comparative Politics: Issues and Trends) All the questions solved in this article. This assignment is specially for the June 2023 and January 2024 Admission Cycle. This assignment is valid up to 31 December 2024.

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MPS 004 Solved Assignment 2023-24

Answer five questions in all, selecting at least two questions from each section. Each question is to be answered in about 500 words. Each question carries 20 marks.

SECTION-I

1. Political science can deal with ‘state building’ better than ‘nation building’. Explain.

Ans: Political science can indeed deal with “state-building” better than “nation-building” because the focus of political science is primarily on the structures, institutions, and processes of governance within a state. While both state-building and nation-building are interconnected processes involved in the formation and development of a country, they have distinct emphases.

State-building primarily refers to the construction and strengthening of the state apparatus, including government institutions, legal systems, administrative bodies, and public services. The process of state-building is concerned with establishing and consolidating the authority and capacity of the state to govern effectively. It involves creating a functioning and legitimate government that can enforce laws, maintain order, provide basic services, and protect citizens’ rights.

Political science is well-suited to analyze and understand the complexities of state-building because it examines how political institutions are formed, how power is distributed, and how policies are formulated and implemented within a given state. Political scientists study the dynamics of governance, state-society relations, and the interactions between various political actors, which are all crucial aspects of state-building.

Nation-building, on the other hand, is a broader and more complex process that focuses on fostering a sense of national identity, unity, and shared values among a diverse population. It involves promoting cultural, social, and psychological cohesion to create a cohesive national identity that transcends regional, ethnic, and religious differences.

Nation-building is a multidisciplinary undertaking that involves aspects of political science, sociology, anthropology, psychology, history, and cultural studies. While political science can provide insights into how governments can facilitate nation-building through policies and institutions that promote inclusivity and social cohesion, the broader aspects of nation-building require understanding societal dynamics and historical narratives that go beyond the realm of traditional political analysis.

Political scientists can analyze and propose policies related to nation-building when they intersect with state-building efforts. For example, fostering inclusive political institutions, ensuring representation and participation of diverse groups in governance, and promoting social cohesion can contribute to both state-building and nation-building processes.

2. Briefly describe the main approaches to the study of Nationalism.

Ans: The study of nationalism is a complex and multi-faceted field, and scholars have developed various approaches to understand this phenomenon. Here are four main approaches to the study of nationalism:

1. Primordial Approach: The primordial approach to nationalism emphasizes the idea that nationalism is deeply rooted in human nature and primordial attachments, such as language, culture, ethnicity, and historical ties. According to this approach, nationalism is an inherent and natural expression of human identity, and the sense of belonging to a nation is ingrained in individuals from birth. Scholars studying nationalism from this perspective often focus on the historical, cultural, and psychological factors that contribute to the formation of national identities.

2. Modernist Approach: The modernist approach to nationalism posits that nationalism is a modern phenomenon that emerged with the rise of the modern nation-state in the 19th and 20th centuries. According to this view, nationalism is a product of social and political changes associated with industrialization, urbanization, and the decline of traditional social structures. Scholars studying nationalism from a modernist perspective often explore how new forms of communication, mass media, education, and bureaucratic institutions played a role in shaping national identities and fostering a sense of belonging to a nation.

3. Instrumentalist Approach: The instrumentalist approach to nationalism views nationalism as a political tool used by elites to achieve specific goals, such as state-building, mobilizing support for policies, or consolidating power. According to this approach, nationalist sentiments may be manipulated or strategically promoted by political leaders to advance their interests. Scholars studying nationalism from an instrumentalist perspective often analyze how political elites use symbols, narratives, and historical myths to foster a sense of national identity and loyalty among the population.

4. Ethnosymbolism Approach: The ethnosymbolism approach to nationalism combines elements of both primordial and modernist perspectives. It emphasizes the significance of cultural symbols, myths, rituals, and traditions in shaping national identities. According to this approach, national identities are constructed and reinforced through a combination of historical memories, cultural practices, and political actions. Scholars studying nationalism from an ethnosymbolism perspective often explore the role of cultural symbols and rituals in creating and maintaining a sense of shared identity among members of a nation.

These approaches are not mutually exclusive, and scholars may draw upon multiple perspectives to analyze nationalism from different angles. The study of nationalism is continuously evolving, and new theoretical approaches and interdisciplinary methods continue to enrich our understanding of this complex and dynamic phenomenon.

3. In what ways has globalization affected state sovereignty? Explain.

Ans: Globalization has had a profound impact on state sovereignty, challenging and reshaping the traditional understanding of the nation-state’s exclusive authority and control within its borders. Several ways in which globalization has affected state sovereignty are as follows:

1. Economic Interdependence: Globalization has led to increased economic interdependence among countries. The free flow of goods, services, capital, and technology across borders has reduced the state’s ability to exercise full control over its economy. States now must consider the global economic context when making domestic policies, and economic decisions taken by one country can have ripple effects on other nations.

2. Transnational Corporations: The rise of transnational corporations with global operations has diminished the state’s exclusive control over its economy. These corporations often have greater financial resources and influence than some countries, and they can exert significant economic and political pressure on governments to shape policies in their favor.

3. Global Financial Markets: Global financial markets have become increasingly interconnected, making national economies more susceptible to financial crises originating in other parts of the world. The ability of states to regulate their financial systems and control capital flows has been limited by global financial networks and the mobility of capital.

4. International Trade and Treaties: Participation in international trade agreements and treaties has compelled states to conform to international standards and regulations, limiting their autonomy in certain policy areas. Adherence to trade agreements often requires countries to harmonize their domestic laws and regulations with international norms.

5. Global Governance Institutions: The proliferation of global governance institutions, such as the United Nations, World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF), and regional organizations, has created an additional layer of authority and decision-making beyond the nation-state. States must adhere to international norms and agreements established by these institutions, which can constrain their sovereignty.

6. Migration and Transnationalism: Globalization has facilitated increased migration and transnationalism, leading to the formation of diaspora communities and transnational identities. The loyalty and connections of these diaspora communities may extend beyond national borders, challenging the state’s exclusive claim to its citizens’ allegiance.

7. Global Challenges and Shared Responsibilities: Globalization has brought attention to transnational issues like climate change, terrorism, pandemics, and environmental degradation, which require collective action and cooperation among states. States must work together to address these challenges, often ceding some degree of sovereignty in the process.

8. Cyberspace and Information Flows: The digital revolution and the internet have created a borderless cyberspace where information flows freely across national boundaries. States face challenges in regulating online content and controlling the flow of information, which can influence public opinion and challenge the state’s narrative.

Despite these challenges to state sovereignty, it is important to note that globalization has not completely eroded state sovereignty. States continue to exercise significant control over their internal affairs and maintain authority over core functions like defense, law enforcement, and governance. However, globalization has undoubtedly blurred the lines between domestic and international affairs, compelling states to navigate complex webs of interdependence, cooperation, and negotiation while preserving their national interests and identities in an increasingly interconnected world.

SECTION-II

6. What do you understand by ethnic identity? Why do ethnic groups get politically activated?

Ans: Ethnic identity refers to the sense of belonging and identification with a particular ethnic group based on shared cultural, historical, linguistic, or religious characteristics. It is a subjective and socially constructed identity that individuals or groups associate with, often defining themselves and others in terms of common ancestry, traditions, language, and customs. Ethnic identity plays a significant role in shaping individuals’ self-perception and their interactions with others in society.

Ethnic groups get politically activated for several reasons:

1. Marginalization and Discrimination: Ethnic groups may become politically activated when they experience marginalization, discrimination, or exclusion from mainstream society. Political mobilization becomes a means to assert their rights, demand equal treatment, and challenge systems of power that perpetuate their disadvantage.

2. Quest for Recognition and Autonomy: Some ethnic groups seek political activation as a way to gain official recognition and autonomy within a state. They may demand cultural, linguistic, or territorial rights to preserve and protect their distinct identity.

3. Resource Distribution: Ethnic groups with concentrated populations in specific regions may seek political activation to gain access to resources and development opportunities. Political mobilization can be a strategy to ensure fair distribution of resources and representation in decision-making bodies.

4. Historical Grievances: Historical grievances and unresolved conflicts can fuel political activation among ethnic groups. Memories of past injustices or unresolved territorial disputes may drive demands for redress and reconciliation.

5. Leadership and Organization: Effective leadership and organization within ethnic communities can galvanize political activation. Leaders who can articulate the concerns and aspirations of their ethnic group can mobilize collective action and influence public opinion.

6. External Factors: External factors, such as geopolitical interests or support from other countries or international organizations, can influence the political activation of ethnic groups. External backing may provide resources and legitimacy to their demands.

7. Threat Perception: Perceived threats to ethnic identity, culture, or language can trigger political mobilization. Policies or actions seen as undermining the group’s identity may spark protests and activism.

8. Electoral Politics: In multi-ethnic societies, political parties may strategically target ethnic groups to gain electoral support. Ethnic groups may then respond by organizing and advocating for their interests to influence the political process.

9. Global Solidarity: Transnational connections and global movements for ethnic rights and autonomy can inspire political activation among ethnic groups. They may draw inspiration from successful ethnic movements in other parts of the world.

It is essential to recognize that the political activation of ethnic groups can take various forms, ranging from peaceful advocacy and social movements to more extreme actions like protests, demonstrations, or even armed struggles. The reasons for political activation can be diverse, reflecting the complexities of identity, power dynamics, and historical context within societies. Understanding ethnic identity and the factors leading to political activation is crucial for policymakers and societies to address underlying grievances, promote inclusivity, and foster peaceful coexistence among diverse ethnic communities.

8. Describe and evaluate the position of developing countries on key issues in the environment debate

Ans: The position of developing countries on key environmental issues in the global debate is often characterized by a combination of shared concerns and differing perspectives from those of developed countries. Developing countries face unique challenges due to their socio-economic conditions, historical responsibilities, and development aspirations. Some of the key issues and the general position of developing countries in the environment debate are as follows:

1. Climate Change and Mitigation: Developing countries acknowledge the urgent need for global action to combat climate change. They argue that developed countries, historically responsible for most greenhouse gas emissions, should take the lead in reducing emissions and provide financial and technological support to help developing countries transition to low-carbon economies. Developing countries often emphasize their right to pursue economic development to address poverty and meet basic needs while seeking sustainable development pathways.

2. Adaptation to Climate Change: Developing countries, particularly those most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, call for increased support for adaptation efforts. They face challenges in building resilience to climate change impacts due to limited resources and capacities. Developing countries seek financial assistance and technology transfer from developed countries to cope with the adverse effects of climate change.

3. Loss and Damage: Developing countries highlight the concept of loss and damage, which refers to the irreparable harm caused by climate change impacts, beyond what can be adapted to or mitigated. They emphasize the responsibility of developed countries in compensating for loss and damage experienced by vulnerable communities in developing countries.

4. Biodiversity Conservation: Developing countries are home to a significant portion of the world’s biodiversity and emphasize the need for conservation efforts. They advocate for sustainable use of biodiversity resources and equitable sharing of benefits derived from genetic resources.

5. Access to Clean Energy: Developing countries often stress the importance of access to clean and affordable energy sources to support their development goals and alleviate energy poverty. They seek international support in adopting renewable energy technologies and enhancing energy efficiency.

6. Green Finance and Technology Transfer: Developing countries call for increased financial support and technology transfer from developed countries to promote sustainable development. They argue that financial resources should be made available in addition to official development assistance (ODA) to support environmentally-friendly projects.

7. Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR): Developing countries often invoke the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities in the context of environmental negotiations. This principle recognizes that developed countries, which have historically contributed more to environmental degradation, should take on greater responsibilities and provide support to developing countries in addressing environmental challenges.

8. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): Developing countries have actively engaged in the United Nations’ 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the SDGs. They emphasize the need for a holistic approach to development that integrates social, economic, and environmental aspects.

Evaluation:

The position of developing countries on environmental issues reflects their legitimate concerns and the need for international cooperation and support to address global challenges. While developed countries generally have greater financial and technological capabilities to address environmental issues, developing countries’ participation is essential as they often bear a disproportionate burden of environmental impacts. Collaborative efforts that respect the principles of common but differentiated responsibilities and shared commitment to sustainable development are crucial to achieving meaningful progress in the global environmental debate. It is important for the international community to address the specific needs and aspirations of developing countries while collectively working towards a sustainable and equitable future for all.

Conclusion

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